Production of nanobodies in Andean camelids and their most common applications: A general review in the medical field

Abstract

The heavy chain fraction present in Camelidae antibodies is so called nanobodies. They have different characteristics when compared to immunoglobulin G like smaller size, higher affinity to different antigens, shorter half-life in serum, etc. Also, there are nanobodies like molecules produced in Elasmobranchi subclass of fishes called vNAR that possess only the heavy chain fraction. These proteins are codified by B lymphocytes VHH cDNAs and can be produced in different hosts like Escherichia Coli, Pichia Pastoris, plant cells and even in insect cells. Andean camelids are Lama glama, L. guanicoe, Vicugna vicugna y V. pacos; they have been mainly used in the Andean region of South America as transport means and source of raw materials like fibers and meat, then being of great economic importance. However, in Ecuador, the potential of these animals as a source of high value-added product or like biomedical products for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of different issues has not been investigated or exploited yet. Due to the scarce information related to these molecules and its industrial production in the country, the aim of this review is to remark the most common medical application of nanobodies produced from Andean camelids, also the main industrial applications are described.